Variable (N = 487)

Kruskal-Wallis test H value

df

p

Mother’s place of residence

25.937

3

<0.001

Mother’s work

2.274

2

>0.05

Father’s work

1.130

2

>0.05

Mother’s education

0.213

2

>0.05

Father’s education

3.017

2

>0.05

Mother’s age

1.808

4

>0.05

Father’s age

1.219

3

>0.05

Birth order

4.605

3

>0.05

Pregnancy order

1.847

3

>0.05

Prenatal (clinically diagnosed) risk factors

64.695

4

<0.001